Dispersants: Such as sodium lignosulfonate and alkylphenol ethoxylates; used to improve the dispersibility of the biocide in water and prevent the settling or agglomeration of active ingredients.
Chelating agents: Such as EDTA and aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP); used to sequester metal ions (e.g., calcium and magnesium) in the water, thereby mitigating their negative impact on the active ingredients and enhancing biocidal stability.
pH adjusters: Such as sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide; used to adjust the pH of the biocide system to the optimal range, ensuring the activity of the active ingredients (e.g., sodium hypochlorite exhibits peak activity at pH 8–10).
Stabilizers: Such as propylene glycol and glycol ethers; used to extend the shelf life of the biocide and prevent the decomposition of active ingredients.